一，定义：英语中的短语，是具有一定意义但又不构成独立句子或从句的一组词。二，分类；
1，名词短语；
2，形容词短语；
3，副词短语；
4，动词短语；
5，介词短语；
6，分词短语；（现在分词短语，过去分词短语）
7，不定式短语；
8，动名词短语；
三，名词短语
（一），定义：名词短语以名词为核心，可以搭配冠词、形容词、介词短语、从句等修饰性成分；名词短语整体具备名词的功能（主语、宾语、表语、同位语、补语）。
（二）名词短语的几种构成方式。
名称短语中的修饰成分可以增减，但核心不变，名词始终是语义的中心。
1，冠词+名词； a pen;
2，冠词+形容词+名词； a beautiful painting;
3，冠词+名词+介词短语；the book on the table;
4贝语网校，冠词+形容词+名词+介词短语；the old man with a walking stick.
5一流范文网，名词+现在分词；表示主动、进行中、或持续的状态；
the man standing by the door;
a dog barking loudly;
the children playing in the park;
6，名词+过去分词；表示被动、完成；
the cake baked by my mother;
a letter written in French;
the car damaged in the accident.
7，名词+不定式；
the only person to solve the problem;
the first person to arrive at the office;
a pen to write with;（一支用来写的笔）
the plan to build a new bridge;（建造一座桥的计划）
the decision to be made at the meeting;（会议上将要做出的决定）
8，名词+定语从句；the girl who won the competition.
（三）有时嵌套多层修饰，构成名词短语
1，冠词 + 形容词 + 名词 + 介词短语 + 从句
the mysterious box in the attic that on one can open.
（阁楼上那个没人能打开的神秘盒子）
2，代词+名词+形容词+介词短语
her favorite novel about space exploration.
（她最喜欢的关于太空探索的小说）
四，形容词短语
（一），定义：以形容词为中心物业经理人，由形容词及其修饰语共同构成；形容词短语在句子中的作用同形容词，可以做定语、表语、补语。
（二）几种构成方式
1， 副词+形容词；
very good;
quite interesting;
rather difficult;
extremely talented;
really nice;
2， 形容词+介词短语；
be good at...;
be interested in...;
be afraid of...;
be happy with the result;
be different from...;
be famous for...;
be kind to...;
be familiar with...;
be different from...;
be full of ... ;
be similar to...;
be angry with...;
be worried about...;
3,形容词+不定式；
She is happy to see her friends.
见到朋友，她很高兴。
The problem is difficult to solve.
这个问题难以解决。
The students eager to start lined up early.
渴望出发的学生们早早地拍好了队。
4, 副词+形容词+不定式；
The question is too difficult to answer.
这个问题太难了，无法回答。
The box is light enough to carry.
这个箱子足够轻，可以搬得动。
The path is quite narrow to walk through for two people.
这条路相当狭窄，两个人很难走过去。
5， （副词）+形容词+从句
The box is so heavy that I can’t lift it.
这个箱子太重了，以至于我抬不起来
It is such a beautiful day that we want to go for a picnic.
今天天气如此美好，以至于我们想去野餐。
How strange it is that he didn’t come to school today.
他今天没来上学，真是太奇怪了。
I’m not sure whether she is at home.
我不确定她是否在家。
She was absolutely certain that he had lied.
她非常确定他撒谎了。
I’m deeply sorry that I hurt your feelings.
我非常抱歉伤害了你的感情。
He remained completely undecided whether to accept the job offer.
他仍然完全拿不定主意是否要接受那份工作邀请。
五，副词短语
（一），定义：以副词为核心，再加其它副词修饰语一起构成的短语；在句子中可以修饰动词、形容词、或整个句子，表示程度或方式。
（二）几种副词短语的构成方式
1， （副词）+副词；表示程度；
very quickly;
quite well;
far too fast;
much more creatively;
far too expensive;
far away；
almost never;
more or less
2, (副词)+副词+不定式
The music was playing too loudly to have a normal conversation.
音乐播放的太响了，根本无法进行正常的交谈。
He typed too carelessly to avoid making mistakes.
他打字太粗心了，无法避免犯错。
The old man walked too slowly to keep up with the group.
那位老人走得太慢了，跟不上队伍。
3, (副词)+副词+that从句
She was so tired that she fell asleep as soon as she lay down.
她如此疲惫，以至于她一躺下就睡着了。
The problem was so difficult that none of us could solve it.
这个问题如此难，以至于我们谁都解决不了。
She spoke so loudly that everyone in the room could hear her.
她说话声音如此大，以至于房间里的每个人都能听到她。
The weather is so hot that people are looking for ways to cool off.
天气如此炎热，以至于人们都在想办法降温。
The wind was blowing extremely hard that it knocked down the trees.
风刮得如此猛烈，以至于把树都吹倒了。
She sings remarkably well that everyone is attracted by her voice.
她唱的惊人的好，以至于每个人都被她的声音吸引了。
He runs incredibly fast that no one can catch up with him.
他跑得难以置信地快，以至于没人能追上他。
The rain was pouring terribly heavily that the streets were quickly flooded.雨下得大得吓人，以至于街道很快就被淹没了。
The machine operates surprisingly smoothly that there is hardly any noise. 这台机器运转得出人意料的平稳，以至于没有任何噪音。
六，短语动词与动词短语
（一），短语动词与动词短语的区别和联系
1，定义
动词短语，在句子中充当谓语的核心结构，由主要动词及其辅助成分组成。
短语动词，动词与小品词（介词/副词）构成的固定搭配，语义不可拆分。
2，组成
动词短语=助动词/情态动词+主要动词+宾语/状语（如：is eating lunch at home.）。
短语动词=动词 +副词/介词（如：give up, look after）。
3，语义特点
动词短语，字面意义可拆分，各成分独立表意（如：is eating lunch at home）。
短语动词=整体表达独特含义，字面意义不可拆分（如：give up = 放弃）。
4，语法功能
动词短语，构成句子的谓语部分，体现时态、语态等语法意义。
短语动词，作为独立动词使用，整体充当谓语或动词部分。
5，结构灵活性
动词短语，结构灵活，可添加成分（如：has been studying English for 20 years）。
短语动词，结构固定，小品词不可随意替换（如：turn on ≠ turn up）。
6，例子
动词短语：They have finished the work.
She is singing.
短语动词： He ran into a problem.
Turn off the TV.
7，动词短语与短语动词的联系
短语动词可作为动词短语的一部分，而短语动词需通过动词短语实现语法功能。
如：She has given up smoking）。
（二）短语动词的几种构成方式
1， 动词+副词,构成短语动词。
（1），有些短语动词是不及物动词，不能带宾语；
The car broke down. 汽车抛锚了。
He showed up late to the party. 他参加聚会时迟到了。
The plane takes off at 9 AM.飞机上午9点起飞。
（2），有些短语动词是及物动词，需要带宾语；
A，有时，名词做宾语时可以放在副词后，也可以放在中间，而代词做宾语时 只能放在中间。
She took off her coat. / She took her coat off./ She took it off.
They put off the meeting./ They put the meeting off./ They put it off.
He gave up smoking./ He gave smoking up./ He gave it up.
She looks up new words in the dictionary.
Pick up the book.
B:有时，名词做宾语时，有时只宜放在副词后。
Please turn on the lights.
Turn off the TV before leaving.
Fill in the blanks in the conversation.
2,动词+介词，构成短语动词。
有些不及物动词常常和某个介词搭配使用，表达意义；久而久之，往往把这个“动词+介词”看作一个整体，相当于及物动词。这样做更好理解。
Can you account for your absence yesterday?
你能解释一下你昨天为什么缺席吗？
He brought up an important question in the meeting.
我在会议上提出了一个重要的问题。
I came across an old friend at the mall.
我在商场遇到了一位老朋友。
He died from a car accident.（外因）
他死于一场车祸。
Many people died of hunger in the war.（内因）
战争时期许多人死于饥饿。
They fight against discrimination.
他们与歧视作斗争。
She went through a difficult time.
她经历了一段艰难的时期。
We hope for a better future.
我们期待着一个更美好的未来。
Please keep to the schedule.
请遵守时间表。
Don’t laugh at his mistakes.
不要嘲笑他的错误。
We moved into a new apartment last month.
我们上个月搬进了一套新公寓。
Students are preparing for the final exams.
学生们正在为期末考试做准备。
I ran into my ex-boss at the mall.
我在商店碰到了我的前老板。
“CEO” stands for Chief Executive Officer.
“CEO”代表首席执行官。
He takes after his father in looks.
他长相上像他的父亲。
I need to work on my pronunciation.
我需要努力改进我的发音。
3，动词+副词+介词，构成短语动词。
有些不及物动词+副词+介词+介宾，搭配使用，表达完整的意思，久而久之，往往把这个“动词+副词+介词”看作一个整体，相当于及物动词。这样做更好理解。如:
The expenses add up to $10,000.
这些开支总计达到1万美元。
Her actions add up to a clear betrayal.
她的行为等同于明显的背叛。
He backed out of the deal at the last minute.
他在最后一刻退出了这笔交易。
She wants to break out of her boring routine.
她想摆脱枯燥的日常生活。
I need to catch up with my studies.
我需要赶上学习进度。
His past mistakes caught up with him.
他过去的错误最终让他付出了代价。
Can you come up with a better solution?
你能想出更好的解决方案吗？
We should cut down on sugar intake.
我们应该减少糖分摄入。
The law did away with old regulations.
这项法律废除了旧的规定。
He dropped out of college to start a business.
他辍学大学去创业了。
You must face up to your responsibilities.
你必须勇敢面对自己的责任。
We can fall back on our savings in emergencies.
在紧急情况下，我们可以依靠存款。
She fits in with the team perfectly.
她完全融入了团队。
He tried to get away with cheating.
他试图逃脱作弊的惩罚。
Let’s get down to business now.
咱们现在开始正事吧。
Get on with your work.继续你的工作。
Do you get on with your neighbors?
你和邻居相处的好吗？
Don't give up to peer pressure.
不要屈服于同龄人的压力。
She went through with the surgery bravely.
她勇敢地完成了手术。
Hold on to your dreams no matter what.
无论如何都要紧抓你的梦想。
It’s hard to keep up with new technology.
很难跟上新技术的步伐。
The movie lived up to the hype.
这部电影没有辜负了宣传炒作。
Don't look down on people in poverty.
不要轻视贫困的人。
I look forward to meeting you.
我期待见到你。
Look out for suspicious activities.
留意可疑活动。
Many students look up to their teachers.
许多学生尊敬他们的的老师。
Hard work can make up for lack of talent.
努力可以弥补天赋的不足。
Let's move on to the next chapter.
我们继续讲下一章吧。
I won’t put up with rude behavior.
我不会容忍粗鲁的行为。
He played around with different designs.
他随意尝试了不同的设计。
We ran out of patience waiting.
我们等得耐心耗尽了。
Always stand up for your rights.
永远要捍卫你的权利。
She signed up for an online course.
她报名参加了一门线上课程。
He always sticks up for his friends.
他总是为朋友出头。
Don’t talk down to your colleagues.
不要居高临下地和同事说话。
This theory ties in with recent discoveries.
这个理论与最近的发现相关。
Watch out for hidden fees in contracts.
警惕合同中的隐藏费用。
He worked up to a leadership position.
他一步步晋升到了领导职位。
4，动词+名词+介词..., 构成短语动词。
有些及物动词+名词+介词+介宾钓鱼网起步网校，搭配使用，表达完整的意思，久而久之，往往把这个“动词+名词+介词”看作一个整体，相当于及物动词。这样做更好理解，也方便记忆。如:
She take advantage of the discount to buy a new phone.
她利用折扣买了一部新手机。
Please pay attention to the safety instructions.
请留意安全须知。
He broke the news to his family gently.
他委婉地将消息告诉了家人。
Nurses take care of patients in hospitals.
护士在医院里照顾病人。
Don't make fun of someone’s appearance.
不要取笑别人的外表。
She caught sight of a shooting star.
她瞥见了一颗流星。
Use an app to keep track of your expenses.
用应用软件记录你的开支。
The report draws attention to climate change.
这份报告引起了人们对气候变化的关注。
Photos can’t do justice to the beauty of this place.
照片无法充分展现此地的美。
We need to get rid of old furniture.
我们需要处理掉旧家具。
The old building gave way to a shopping mall.
旧建筑物被购物中心取代了。
Can I have a word with you after the meeting？
会后我能和你谈谈吗？
She still holds a grudge against her ex-boss.
她仍对前上司心怀怨恨。
Keep an eye on the baby while I cook.
我做饭时，你留意一下宝宝。
I lost touch with my childhood friends.
我和我的儿时的玩伴失去了联系。
Don’t lay the blame on others for your mistakes.
别把你的错误归咎于他人。
Students should make use of library resources.
学生们应该充分利用图书馆资源。
He made a mess of the presentation.
他把演讲搞砸了。
The law aims to put an end to illegal logging.
这项法律旨在终止非法砍伐。
Education plays a role in reducing poverty.
教育在减少贫困中发挥作用。
Smoking runs the risk of lung cancer.
吸烟有肺癌的风险。
Leaders must take responsibility for their decisions.
领导者必须为自己的决策负责。
Protesters set fire to the building.
抗议者放火烧了大楼。
She showed interest in learning Spanish.
她对学习西班牙语表现出兴趣。
The study sheds light on ancient customs.
这项研究揭示了古代习俗。
Take note of the deadlines in the contract.
注意合同中的截止日期。
He refused to take part in the debate.
他拒绝参加辩论。
The manager turned a blind eye to the problem.
经理对这个问题视而不见。
She washed her hands of the project.
她不再参与这个项目。
Scientists compared the new drug with the old one.
科学家将新药与旧药进行了对比。（同类比较）
Her voice is often compared to the sound of a nightingale.
她的声音常常被比作夜莺的歌声。（不同类事物间比喻、类比）
七，介词短语；八，分词短语；（现在分词短语，过去分词短语）九，不定式短语；十，动名词短语；
后面这四大类短语将在对应的章节里详细讲解，感兴趣的朋友请到对应章节学习，这里不再赘述。 |
